On this day in history, April 28, 1967, Muhammad Ali refuses to serve military at height of Vietnam War

在历史上的这一天，1967年4月28日，穆罕默德·阿里在越南战争的激烈时期拒绝服兵役
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Boxer's stoic stand for his faith clouded by reports he refused draft upon order of Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad

据报道，拳击手为了自己的信仰而遵循斯多葛哲学的立场/坚韧的承受着压力，他一接到伊斯兰民族教领袖以利亚·穆罕默德的命令就拒绝服役
【“Stoic stand”：“斯多葛哲学的立场”或“冷静的态度”。斯多葛哲学是古希腊的一种哲学流派，强调理性和自律，认为人们应该接受命运，并以平静和坚忍的态度面对生活中的挑战。】

By Kerry J. Byrne Fox News
Published April 28, 2024 12:02am EDT
Muhammad Ali, the reigning world heavyweight boxing champion, entered the combative ring of politics and culture by refusing to serve in the United States military at the height of the Vietnam War on this day in history, April 28, 1967.

穆罕默德·阿里（Muhammad Ali），卫冕世界重量级拳击冠军的，在历史上的这一天，即1967年4月28日，在越南战争最激烈的时候拒绝进入美国军队服役，从而进入了政治和文化的斗争圈。

"I ain’t got no quarrel with those Vietcong," Ali famously said the year before, the exact quote the source of some dispute, in a battle that made it all the way to the United States Supreme Court.

阿里在之前一年说过一句名言，“我和那些越共没有争吵，”确切的说这句话是一些争议的根源，在这场政治战斗中一直被带到美国最高法院。
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He later wrote, "I refuse to be inducted into the Armed Forces of the United States because I claim to be exempt as a minister of the religion of Islam."

他后来写道：“我拒绝加入美国武装部队，因为我声称要免除，因为我是伊斯兰教的牧师。

Ali was lauded around the world as a hero for standing up for the courage of his convictions.

阿里被全世界誉为英雄，因为他坚持自己的信念。

Critics say he used the power of his podium and celebrity to dodge the draft at a time when the nation’s working-class young men were fighting and dying at the sharp end of existential struggle for survival against Com...ism.

批评人士说，当时他利用自己的平台和声望的影响力来躲避兵役，当美国的工人阶级年轻人在对抗共产主义的生存之战中战斗和牺牲的时候。

Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali stands over Sonny Liston during their second bout in 1965 and taunts him to get up during their title fight. Ali knocked Liston out in one minute in the first round of their bout at the Central Maine Youth Center in Lewiston, Maine. (Getty Images)

重量级冠军穆罕默德·阿里在1965年的在冠军争夺战的第二轮比赛中盯着桑尼·利斯顿，并讥讽他站起来。阿里在缅因州刘易斯顿市的中部缅因州青年中心的第一轮比赛中，一分钟将利斯顿击倒。

Others allege it was an order from Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad that fueled his refusal to serve in the military.

其他人则声称，这是伊斯兰民族教（Nation of Islam）的领导人以利亚·穆罕默德（Elijah Muhammad）的命令，促使他拒绝服兵役。
【Elijah Muhammad：以利亚·穆罕默德是美国历史上一个重要的宗教领袖，他是美国伊斯兰教穆斯林民族/国家（Nation of Islam）的创始人之一。以利亚·穆罕默德在20世纪中期领导该组织，并致力于提倡黑人权利、宗教自立和社会改革。他的教导强调了黑人的自我价值和自尊，并反对白人至上主义。他的影响力在美国黑人社区和国际上都很深远。】

Born Cassius Clay in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1942, the pugilist punched his way into the national spotlight winning a gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome at age 18.

卡修斯·克莱（Cassius Clay）1942 年出生于肯塔基州路易斯维尔市，这位拳击手18 岁时在 1960 年罗马夏季奥运会上赢得了金牌，一举成为全国关注的焦点。

He captured the world heavyweight title with his famous upset of Sonny Liston in February 1964. Clay then publicly announced his conversion to the Nation of Islam immediately after the bout and said his new name was Cassius X.

1964 年 2 月，他凭借著名的桑尼·利斯顿（Sonny Liston）意外胜利夺得了世界重量级冠军头衔。克莱随后在比赛结束立即公开宣布他皈依伊斯兰民族教（the Nation of Islam），并说他的新名字是卡修斯十世（Cassius X）。


Cassius Clay points to a newspaper headline to show he's not the only one protesting the Vietnam War, March 28, 1966. The heavyweight champ was relaxing before his March 29th bout with Canada's George Chuvalo. Rozaa Rio, left, a recording artist from Chicago, came to Toronto to wish Clay luck. (Getty Images)

卡修斯·克莱（Cassius Clay）指着报纸的标题，表示他不是唯一一个抗议1966年3月28日越南战争的人。这位重量级冠军在3月29日与加拿大选手乔治·楚瓦洛的比赛前很放松。来自芝加哥的唱片艺术家Rozaa Rio（左）来到多伦多祝福克莱。

He was given his world-famous new identity by the Nation of Islam's Muhammad in a radio address on March 6.

3月6日，伊斯兰民族教的穆罕默德在一次广播演讲中，赋予了他举世闻名的新身份。

"This Clay name has no meaning," said Muhammad. "Muhammad Ali is what I will give him as long as he believes in Allah and follows me."

“克莱这个名字没有任何意义，”穆罕默德说。“只要他相信真主并跟随我，我就会给他穆罕默德·阿里这个名字。

Clay met Muhammad in 1962. The young boxer soon become good friends with one of the Nation of Islam's most famous followers, Malcolm X.

克莱在1962年遇见了穆罕默德。这位年轻的拳击手很快与伊斯兰民族教最著名的追随者之一，马尔科姆艾克斯成为好朋友。

Ali's incredible skill in the ring, coupled with his beaming personality, made him one the world’s biggest sports celebrities and "the world’s most well-known Muslim," states the University of Louisville Libraries.

路易斯维尔大学图书馆写到，阿里在擂台上令人难以置信的技巧，加上他喜欢笑的个性，使他成为世界上最出名的体育名人之一和“世界上最知名的穆斯林”。

His celebrity also made him a lightning rod in 1965, when he applied as a conscientious obxtor in his home state of Kentucky. The draft board denied his application.

1965 年，他的名气也使他成为了避雷针/引雷器，当时他在家乡肯塔基州申请拒绝参战者（conscientious obxtor）时。征兵委员会拒绝了他的申请。
【conscientious obxtor：拒绝参战者。良心上或宗教上拒绝服兵役或携带武器的人】
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He stoically stood up for his beliefs in 1967.

1967年，他为了自己的信仰遵循着斯多葛哲学的立场/坚韧的承受着压力。
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American pro boxer, activist, and philanthropist Muhammad Ali (1942-2016) at a press conference presenting his new autobiography, "The Greatest: My Own Story," held at The Savoy Hotel, London, U.K., March 10, 1976. (Evening Standard/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

1976 年 3 月 10 日，美国职业拳击手、活动家和慈善家穆罕默德·阿里（1942-2016 年）在英国伦敦萨沃伊酒店举行的新闻发布会上介绍他的新自传《最伟大的：我自己的故事》。

"During his scheduled U.S. Armed Forces induction in Houston, Texas, on April 28, Ali refused to step forward three times as his name was called," Sports Illustrated reported in recent years of the famous incident.

“4月28日，在预定的德克萨斯州休斯敦美国武装部队入职典礼上，当他的名字被叫到时，阿里三次拒绝站出来，”《体育画报》报道了这一近年来的著名事件。

"After receiving a warning and being informed of the consequences, Ali did not acknowledge his name-call one final time. Later that day, Ali was stripped of his title and had his boxing license suspended, and he was found guilty of violating the sextive Services law on June 20, 1967."

“在收到一次警告并被告知相应的后果后，阿里最后一次还是没有回应他的点名。当天稍晚，阿里被剥夺了头衔，并被吊销了拳击执照，并于 1967 年 6 月 20 日被判犯有违反兵役法的罪名。

Ali was fined $10,000. He was banned from boxing for three years and sentenced to five years in prison.

阿里被罚款10,000美元。他被禁止拳击比赛三年，并被判处五年监禁。

He never served a day behind bars.

但他从未在监狱里服过一天刑。

He fought the sentence all the way to the Supreme Court, which overturned his conviction for dodging the draft on June 28, 1971.

他反对判决一路抗争到最高法院，最高法院于 1971 年 6 月 28 日推翻了他因逃避征兵而被定罪的判决。

Left, Cassius Marcellus Clay — Muhammad Ali — with Black Muslim leader Malcolm X at 125th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem. Malcolm X was murdered in Harlem in 1965; his convicted killer, Thomas Hagan, was reportedly encouraged by Nation of Islam founder Elijah Muhammad. (John Peodincuk/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images)

左，卡修斯·马塞勒斯·克莱（Cassius Marcellus Clay）——穆罕默德·阿里（Muhammad Ali）——与黑人穆斯林领袖马尔科姆·X（Malcolm X）在哈莱姆区第125街和第七大道。马尔科姆 X 于 1965 年在哈莱姆区被谋杀;据报道，杀他的凶手托马斯·哈根（Thomas Hagan）受到伊斯兰国家创始人以利亚·穆罕默德（Elijah Muhammad）的怂恿。

The high court ruled 8-0 in his favor, with Justice Thurgood Marshall recusing himself, citing earlier involvement as U.S. Solicitor General at the time of Ali’s conviction.

高等法院以8-0的裁定对他有利，大法官瑟古德·马歇尔（Thurgood Marshall）自行回避，理由是在阿里被定罪时曾担任美国副检察长。

The court originally planned to vote 5-3 against Ali, authors Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong wrote in their 1979 book, "The Brethren: Inside The Supreme Court."

最高法院最初计划以5-3的票数不利阿里，作家鲍勃·伍德沃德（Bob Woodward）和斯科特·阿姆斯特朗（Scott Armstrong）在他们1979年出版的《弟兄们：最高法院之内》（The Brethren： Inside The Supreme Court）一书中写道。
【"8-0"和"5-3"是指在美国最高法院的判决结果中所涉及的投票比例。这些数字表示大法官对于案件的裁决是如何表决的。
8-0：这表示所有的大法官（通常是九名）都同意了相同的裁决结果。这意味着案件的判决是一致的，没有任何大法官对裁决提出异议。
5-3：这表示在案件中有五名大法官同意了裁决结果，而另外三名大法官则对裁决提出了不同的意见。在这种情况下，裁决仍然有效，但有一部分大法官持有不同的观点。
在美国最高法院中，判决通常是通过多数票来决定的。所以，无论是8-0还是5-3，只要有足够的大法官支持，裁决就会生效。然而，裁决中的投票比例可能会反映出案件的争议程度以及大法官们在案件上的意见分歧。】

Justice John Marshall Harlan changed his decision after reading "The Autobiography of Malcolm X."

大法官约翰·马歇尔·哈兰（John Marshall Harlan）在阅读了《马尔科姆X的自传》后改变了他的判决。

But that left the court split at 4-4, which meant Ali would lose his appeal and the lower-court conviction would stand.

但这导致法院以4-4分歧，这意味着阿里将输了他的上诉，下级法院的定罪会成立。

"The justices reconvened, since Ali was the best-known sports figure in the world," reports the National Constitution Center. "They wanted to provide an explanation. They worked toward a compromise that could at least detail the thoughts behind their decision."

“大法官们重新召集了会议，因为阿里是世界上最著名的体育人物，” 据国家宪法中心报道。“他们想提供一个解释。他们努力达成一个妥协方案，至少可以详细说明他们判决背后的想法。

Muhammad Ali, right, punches Joe Frazier in the head during the 7th round of their boxing match. Referee Carlos Padilla Jr., in the center, supervises the heavyweight match in Manila, Philippines, in 1975. (Getty Images)

穆罕默德·阿里（右）在拳击比赛的第 7 回合中猛击乔·弗雷泽的头部。1975年，裁判小卡洛斯·帕迪拉（Carlos Padilla Jr.）在菲律宾马尼拉监督重量级比赛。

Eventually, the entire court flipped in Ali's favor.

最终，整个法庭都转向对阿里有利。
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Added the National Constitution Center, "Woodward and Armstrong said it was Justice Potter Stewart who looked at the case and convinced the other justices that the lower courts never explained why they turned down Ali’s appeals."

据国家宪法中心的补充，“伍德沃德和阿姆斯特朗说，是波特·斯图尔特大法官审视了此案，并说服了其他大法官，由于下级法院从未解释过他们为什么拒绝了阿里的上诉。

Ali had returned to the ring in October 1970, earning a third-round technical knockout of Jerry Quarry. He eventually regained his heavyweight crown in 1974.

1970 年 10 月，阿里重返擂台并获胜，在第三回合技术性击倒了 Jerry Quarry。他最终在1974年重新夺回了重量级冠军的头衔。

"While away from boxing, Ali became a popular speaker at colleges across the United States," Sports Illustrated reported.

“在远离拳击的一段时间里，阿里成为美国各地大学深受欢迎的演讲者，”据《体育画报》报道。

"One of Ali's most popular speeches, entitled ‘Black is Best,’ was spoken in front of 4,000 students and staff members at Howard University in 1968. He also became known for his free-style rhymes and poetry during his time in boxing."

“1968年，阿里在霍华德大学（Howard University）的4000名学生和教职员工面前发表了题为‘黑人是最好的’（ Black is Bes）的演讲，这次演讲深受欢迎。在拳击手时期，他还以自由式的押韵和诗歌而闻名。”

Reports in recent years claim that Ali refused to serve in the military not out of religious conviction, but because of the wrath of Nation of Islam leader Muhammad.

近年来有报道称，阿里拒绝服兵役不是出于宗教信仰，而是因为伊斯兰民族教的领导人穆罕默德的盛怒。

Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), third from left, is surrounded by bodyguards, arrived to listen to Black Muslim leader Muhammad Elijah open a three-day Black Muslim convention. There was speculation that Cassius Clay was the target of assassins trying to avenge the slaying of Malcolm X. (Getty Images)

重量级拳王卡修斯·克莱（穆罕默德·阿里），左三，在保镖的簇拥下，前来聆听黑人穆斯林领袖穆罕默德·以利亚（Muhammad Elijah）为期三天的黑人穆斯林大会开幕式。有猜测卡修斯·克莱是刺客的目标，他们试图为马尔科姆X的谋杀报仇。

"The truth, though hard to make out under the thick moss of mythology, is that Ali refused induction not out of principle but from fear of disobeying Elijah Muhammad, who had stipulated that the champ not serve in a ‘white man’s war,’" Paul Beston wrote in an editorial for The Wall Street Journal in 2017.

“真相，虽然在厚厚的神话苔藓下很难看清，但阿里拒绝入伍不是出于信条，而是因为违抗以利亚·穆罕默德的恐惧，他规定这位冠军不得在'白人的战争'中服役，”保罗·贝斯顿（Paul Beston）在2017年《华尔街日报》的一篇社论中写道。

Ali, according to the story, tearfully admitted his fears to friend, mentor and fellow boxing legend Sugar Ray Robinson, who urged the young man to join the army.

根据这篇社论，阿里含泪向他的朋友、导师和同伴——传奇拳击手舒格·雷·罗宾逊（Sugar Ray Robinson）承认了他的恐惧，后者敦促这位年轻人参军。

Added Beston, "Malcolm X, who had been close to Ali, was assassinated in February 1965. After Ali’s former press secretary told the FBI that he had information about Malcolm’s killers, he, too, was found dead. Other dissidents simply disappeared. Ali got the message."

据贝斯顿补充，“与阿里关系密切的马尔科姆X于1965年2月被暗杀。后来阿里的前新闻秘书告诉联邦调查局，他得到关于马尔科姆的凶手的信息后，这个凶手，他，也被发现死亡了。其他的持不同政见者干脆消失了。阿里明白了这个道理。

Kerry J. Byrne is a lifestyle reporter with Fox News Digital.